The Controversy of Marcel Duchamp Essay - 855 Words

One of the most unique figures in the continuum of the art world, Marcel Duchamp changed the way we look at and produce art today. Marcel Duchamp was by far, one of the most controversial figures in art. Two of the most well known and talked about pieces by him are The Fountain and The Bride Stripped Bare by her Bachelors, Even . Duchamp created many other pieces that caught the attention of critics, other artists, and the population in a negative way; however, these two pieces alone, brought about the greatest amount of controversy. In 1917, Marcel Duchamp submitted his urinal, the Fountain, to the American Society of Independent Artists . The urinal was taken from J. L. Mott Iron Works in New York City, rotated ninety degrees and†¦show more content†¦Whether Mr. Mutt with his own hands made the fountain or not has no importance. He CHOSE it. He took an ordinary article of life, placed it so that its useful significance disappeared under the new title and point of viewâ₠¬â€created a new thought for that object. As for plumbing, that is absurd. The only works of art America has given are her plumbing and her bridges.† Marcel Duchamp was showing off one of his readymade sculptures at its finest. He was making a statement that an everyday object is also art. The fact that Duchamp chose the object and called it art was just another cause for rebuttal in the art world. Now, approximately one hundred years later, everyday objects are commonly accepted as art. Shortly after Duchamp released the Fountain, another controversial piece of art debuted—The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even . This piece was not a readymade, but a more â€Å"accepted† form of art. The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even went through many years of Duchamp researching, working on and repairing the piece. Marcel Duchamp started working on the piece in 1915 and worked on it consecutively for the following eight years. After that time frame, Duchamp took a break from it—other scholars may argue that the piece was abandoned and not merely on hiatus. Regardless of whether the piece was abandoned or on hiatus, The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even was still exhibited and purchased. The upper pane of The Large Glass represents â€Å"theShow MoreRelatedMarcel Duchamp And John Cage1574 Words   |  7 Pagesrevolutionary artists, Marcel Duchamp and John Cage still play a significant role in contemporary art practice and theory today. During the early 20th century, Marcel Duchamp was influenced by the emerging artistic movements such as Dada and Cubism. He experimented with Cubism briefly and attempted to capture time and motion in a cubist style painting. He endeavoured to â€Å"detheorize’ Cubism in order to give it a freer interpretation’. Inspired by his time lapse photography, Duchamp painted ‘Nude descendingRead MoreNude Descending Staircase By Marcel Duchamp1861 Words   |  8 PagesNude Descending Staircase, no.2 is by Marcel Duchamp who is best known as a painter and mixed media artist associated with Cubism, Dadaism and Surrealism, although he himself avoided any alliances. His work is characterised by its humour and the variety and unconventionality of its media. He was passionate in his belief that ideas should be given more value than worldly things, a revolutionary notion that would resonate with a later generation. Inspired by new born cinema and photographic studiesRead MoreMarcel Duchamp’s Fountain Essay1784 Words   |  8 PagesMarcel Duchamp’s Fountain by Sarah Shea HUMN406-01 Professor Nelson Marcel Duchamp’s Fountain People often ask what constitutes good art. Who decides whether or not a piece is art and whether it is good art or not? Marcel Duchamp challenged popular notions of his day about what art actually is. Duchamp, a French artist living in New York at the turn of the century, believed that it was up to the artist to determine what art is. Duchamp is most famous for a type of sculpture he created calledRead MoreCommentary On The History Of Communication Design788 Words   |  4 PagesAnti-historicism falls perfectly within the Dada movement, considering the rebellious nature of the Dadaists., it served to remove memories of the past which previously had been art’s intention. The first image I propose for the exhibition is of Marcel Duchamp’s 1917 ‘readymade’ Fountain. Fountain is perhaps Duchamp’s most famous work and one of the defining pieces of art from the 20th century. In 1917, to have a urinal, lay flat with only a signature was certainly not considered ‘art’. It wasRead MoreI Will Address Why Readymades Are Regarded As A Work Of Art1473 Words   |  6 Pagesmovements that caused great controversy but the dada movement is one that continues to cause great controversy even now with their use of read-made objects. Ready-made objects are a strong source of controversy because it pushes the borders of concepts and meaning by using artworks that they didn’t create themselves. In this essay I will address why readymades’ are regarded as a work of art despite the controversy behind them and how they influenced conceptual art. In Blindman Duchamp wrote an anonymousRead MoreMarcel Duchamp ( 1887-1968 )1171 Words   |  5 PagesMarcel Duchamp (1887-1968) was a French artist, known for his contributions to the Dada movement and for his influence on other artists that followed him. He was born in Blainville-sur-Crevon, a small town in northern France where his father served as a notary. His mother was artistically inclined and thus Duchamp became interested in sketching and painting when he was a teenager. At the age of seventeen, he moved to Paris to study art at the Acadà ©mie Julian. As a young artist, he was influencedRead MoreSurrealism And Its Impact On The 19th Century During The 20th Century927 Words   |  4 PagesThere have been some controversy during the early 20th century during the world wars. Art lost its meaning during this time and the only way to give it meaning again was to make it different, to offend people to help to make a point. This is similar to the artist/rapper Eminem, how his u se of profane language draws attention to his work and its controversy makes it a topic of conversation. After the rise of abstract art rose a new style called Dada art. This was one of the most unusual time in partRead MoreGeorge Benjamin Luks : A New York City1437 Words   |  6 Pagesshowed less interest in the significance of things and more in emotion and life (ART, POSTMODERN CRITICISM, AND THE EMERGING INTEGRAL MOVEMENT), Artist such as Marcel Duchamp were influenced to further push the concepts of art.. Duchamp was a modern artist from northern France that often used brushes to create art (Camfield). In 1913 Duchamp began experimenting with a new concept of art called readymade. His first creation was called the Bicycle Wheel. This type of artist style was coined as beingRead MoreHsc Art Case Study. Marcel Duchamp Essay examples1998 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"The Duchampian Influence† Marcel Duchamp. In 1913 a French artist mounted a bicycle wheel on a stool, and changed the art world forever. Duchamp is arguably the most influential artist of the twenty-century, his influence is not always obvious or dominate however the underlying acceptance of radical freedom of action and thought that is concurrent in artists practice can always be traced back to Duchamp. Duchamp was a French artist who was a part of the Dada movement, a modern art movementRead More Marketing, Advertising, Style and Art Essay1859 Words   |  8 Pagestechnique Marcel Duchamp once said in his talk delivered to the Museum of Modern Art, New York, 19th October 1961, â€Å"Imagine taking a Rembrandt and using it as an ironing board.† In 1914 Duchamp had signed his name to a bottle rack in effect creating the first in what was to be a series of ready-mades. Ready-mades are objects that are signed and titled becoming more an object of observation rather than a functional one. The ready-mades were an attack on traditional western art. Duchamp felt that

Csr Corporate Social Responsibility Essay - 1285 Words

CSR stands for Corporate Social Responsibility and it is a concept with many definitions and practices and also a buzzword in the media. In general, corporate social responsibility is the policies and programs of business corporations which tend to benefit society while improving a corporation’s public image and profitability at the same time. The meaning of it is implemented in different countries and companies differently. Warren Buffet said that it takes 20 years to build a reputation and only 5 minutes to ruin it which means he mentioned the activity of the corporations here. In accordance with Buffet’s dialogue, business should be responsible to the society, environment and towards a sustainable developed planet. Many names are used to mention CSR such as socially responsible business, responsible entrepreneurship, corporate citizenship, corporate accountability or corporate sustainability etc. Corporate social responsibility is the continuing commitment by business companies to behave ethically contribute to economic development and simultaneously improve the standard of life and quality of life of the workforce their families, local communities and the society according to the World Business Council. For example - Eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, facilitating primary education, promoting gender equality and empowering women, reducing child mortality, making policies for the improve ment of maternal health, HIV/ AIDS, Malaria other fatal diseases, ensuringShow MoreRelatedCorporate Social Responsibility And Csr1566 Words   |  7 PagesSocial responsibility or also called Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)- is the firm’s engagement (voluntarily initiated) in and its compliance (legally mandated) to environmental, social, and governance issues (The Foundation, 2014). Also, is based on stakeholder’s needs being financially sustainable, and CSR can come from both corporate or not-to-profit organizations. CSR has seven categories; Leadership, vision and values; Marketplace activities; Workforce activities; Supply chain activities;Read MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1167 Words   |  5 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility Introduction Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a concept which is also known as corporate citizenship, corporate conscience or in a simple way a responsible business. It is an integrated concept of self-regulatory business model for any organisation. Corporate Social Responsibility has been in practice for more than fifty years now, which has been adopted not only by domestic companies but also by transnational company with voluntary CSR initiativesRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Csr1232 Words   |  5 PagesCorporate social responsibility has become a buzzword within the industry in the last few years. Following the financial market crash investors and stakeholders began looking at corporations to act more socially responsible. The meaning of social responsibility differs across regions. Western countries are the ones who are pushing for corporate social responsibility -thesis-- A broad overview at corporate social responsibility (CSR) looks to corporations to make a change in the society or the environmentRead MoreCsr : Corporate Social Responsibility1598 Words   |  7 Pages CSR stands for Corporate Social Responsibility. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is defined by many groups like, Tata steel, Coca Cola, Reliance, Videocon etc. Although they all stand for similar meanings connecting to taking responsibilities of the society as a business individual, its definition has been getting broader from a established point of view, corporate social responsibility is a type of business instruction included in a business demonstration. CSR policy functions as a self-regulatoryRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )863 Words   |  4 Pagestechnology in the last century. The term of Corporate Social Responsibility appears more often into public’s concerned and it has become a hot issue in recent years. This essay is going to discuss and prov ide an overview of corporate social responsibility (CSR) by debate some key issue in this area. 1.2 What is Corporate Social Responsibility? In 1953, Bowen’s Social Responsibility of the Businessman firstly discusses the idea of corporate social responsibility. He states the relationship between societyRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1314 Words   |  6 PagesSocial responsibility has become a primal interest to the humankind for the past two decades. In the earlier days, the firms and organizations concentrated only on the financial part of the business and ignored the ethical, social and moral sectors. But in the recent times, the businesses are getting a grip of the significance of the social, ecological and environmental effects on their success. This has resulted in the emerging interactions between organizations and social segments thus giving riseRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1173 Words   |  5 Pages Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is highly important to Millennials. If a company is lacking a CSR plan, now it a good time to start one. Millennials are looking for ways in making a positive impact on the world and are expecting the same from companies. They are looking for companies that contribute to the betterment of communities and the environment. Millennials put great value in supporting such brands, companies and organizations that share these values. Companies without a CSR in placeRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Csr979 Words   |  4 PagesThe notion of Corporate Social Responsibility is a phenomenon globally known for many years. In spite of the fact that CSR has been neglected for quite a long time, nowadays several authors deal with this issue, as revealed by the development of theories in recent years concerning the topic. In spite of the fact that there has been a huge growth of literature it is still impossible to simply define CSR. Many definitions trying to capture the concept of CSR exist, but their content varies (MattenRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1370 Words   |  6 Pagesmore attention on the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The core issue is the appropriate responsibility of business. In as much as firms ought to obey the law, but beyond complete compliance with environmental laws, the question is whether firms have extra social responsibilities to commit part of their resources to environmental preservation voluntarily. This memo provides an exploratory investigation of the link between corporate social responsibility and the benefits accruing to aRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1549 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernments to take responsibility for the problems but also the corporations. One outcome of this is corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR refers to voluntary actions of companies or corporations to contribute to the welfare of society and the health of the environment. Some ways it can be accomplished are through philanthropy, working with NGOs in local communities on humanitarian and/or environmental projects, supporting workers’ unions, and investing in green technologies. CSR is not a new concept

Taxation - Asset Theory - Practice and Law

Question: Discuss about the Taxation, Asset Theory, Practice and Law. Answer: Introduction: Capital gain and the capital loss from the sale of asset actually mean the difference between the cost of the assets and the sale price of the assets. If the sale proceeds are higher than cost price of the assets, then it is accounted as capital gain. The capital gain tax is considered as a part of income tax. The capital loss on the other hand cannot be deducted against normal income but can be used as a deduction against capital gains from sale of other capital assets. If the capital loss cannot be adjusted in the same accounting year, then the capital loss can be carried forward to the next year. This carried forward loss can be adjusted against the capital gain of the next year. Most personal assets are exempt from the capital gain tax, car home and furniture. The CGT does not apply for the depreciable assets used for business purpose. Australian resident if holds and property outside Australia then capital gain on the sale of the assets will be taxed in Australia as capital gain tax (Ato, 2016). Selling of home is not covered under capital gain tax. The resident taxpayer residing on the same property can claim tax exemption on the property sold. The resident individual has to dwell on it and he must have to live on that property to be eligible to claim tax exemption on the property. The definition of is dwelling is considered as following; The person and his family live in the property. The personal belongings of the family are there in the property. This should be the address where the mails are delivered. The address of the property should match with the electoral roll. The service connection for phone and gas will also be considered as proof of dwelling. The exemption on the dwelling property to the residents will be allowed in full provided the resident fulfilling the following criteria; The person and the family own the house for the full financial year. The property has not been used by the resident to produce assessable income- the person do not run a business in that property. The land area of the property should be two hectares or less The partial exemption will be allowed on the sale of the property provided the person has fulfilled the following conditions; The person and the family own the house for the part of a financial year. The property has been used to produce assessable income- the person do not run a business in that property. The land area of the property is more than two hectares (Ato, 2016). The sale of real estate and the profit arising out of the sale proceeds can be considered as the capital gain tax for the tax assessment purpose, provided the person has fulfilled the following conditions; When there is change of ownership of the property and there was no contract for that available. The acquiring entity has offered compensation. The acquiring entity becomes owner of the property. The acquiring entity after acquisition enters the property with the power of compulsory acquisition. The acquiring entity if takes possession of the property completely (Ato, 2016). If the property belongs to assesses and it was inherited by him and the property was main residence of the person who left is for the current owner of the property. The current assessee need to keep record of the cost incurred by the assessee during handover of the property. However the record is not required to be kept for the assessee if he; Inherited the dwelling property after 20August 1996 The dwelling property was main residence before inheritance. The property was not to produce income. Selling of shares is treated as other normal capital assets. When shares are sold in the market then the income generated out of the sale proceed is to be treated as capital gain and it becomes subject to capital gain tax (Ato, 2016). The capital gains can be worked out by the help of two methods one is discount method and another is indexation method. To use the indexation benefit the asset has to be acquired before 21 September 1999. Under the indexation method the base cost of the asset acquired can be indexed on the basis of consumer price index (CPI) (ATO, 2016). Indexation factor = CPI for quarter ending 30 September 1999 CPI for quarter in which expenditure was incurred The discount method can also be applied if the property belongs to a trust and to a society or to any person. The capital gain tax will be reduced by 50% under discounted method. The discount method is not applicable to companies. The tax rates in Australia are high and the standard income tax rates is applicable to the individual liable to pay tax under capital gain tax. Here in this case, Fred is a resident who signed a contract to sell his holiday home in the Blue Mountains in August last year. The sale was settled in February this year when Fred received $800,000 from the purchaser. Fred incurred legal fees of $1100 (Inclusive of GST) and real estate agents commission of $9,900 (Inclusive of GST) in relation to the sale. The holiday home in March 1987 for $100,000 and paid $2,000in stamp duty on the transfer and $1000 in legal fees. In January 1990, Fred engaged a builder to build a garage on the property for $20,000. The legal fees of $1100 and $9900 as commission will not be deducted. Sale Proceeds $ 800,000.00 Purchase Price $ 100,000.00 Stamp Duty $ 2,000.00 Legal Fees $ 1,000.00 $ 103,000.00 Improvement Cost $ 20,000.00 Indexing March, 1987 $ 45.30 August, 2015 $ 108.00 January, 1990 $ 56.20 Sale Proceeds $ 800,000.00 Less: Index cost of acquisition $ 245,562.91 Less: Index cost of Improvement $ 38,434.16 Taxable Capital Gain $ 516,002.92 Less: Loss on capital gain $ 10,000.00 Total taxable capital gain $ 506,002.92 Tax on Capital gain Tax on 180000 $ 54,547.00 After 180001 to 516002.92 $ 146,700.87 Tax Payable $ 201,248 Not Using Indexation Tax on 180000 $ 54,547.00 Tax on Rest $ 224,999.55 Total Tax $ 279,546.55 50% Exemption $ 139,773 Fred would do better if he does not do for indexation but discount model of capital gain tax calculation. Fringe Benefits Tax Fringe benefit is a payment to the employee from the employer which shall not be considered as salary or wages. According to the definition of fringe benefit tax rules, it is the benefit provided to the respect of employment. This is an effective means for the calculation of benefit provided to the employee in course of employment. The employee is entitled to receive the salary and the benefit is to be provided to the employee who has died will not be considered as fringe benefit. The term benefit and the fringe benefit has boarder meaning; the benefit includes privileges for the service (Business, 2016). This offers an employee to use a work car for the private purpose. Offering employee a cheap loan The entertainment by way of free tickets to concerts Reimbursement of some of the expenses incurred by an employee, like school fees The benefits provided in respect of the employment will not be considered as the fringe benefit and it would not be taxed. There is specific exemption allowed for the fringe benefits provided to the employees in relation to the employment. The benefits which are provided to the employee are not considered as employment benefits. The benefits will be taxed in the hands of the employee (Ato, 2016). The taxable value of the loan will not be considered as fringe benefit can be reduced in accordance with the income tax rules of Australia. The taxable value of fringe benefit will be reduced to the extent the interest is paid against the loan. If the employee uses the loan for investment in fixed interest bearing instrument, the interest received from the instrument will be reduced by the amount of interest paid by the employee. In this case the employer, Periwinkle provided Emma a car as Emma which she uses for work purposes. Emma's usage however is not restricted to work only. The cost price of the car was $33,000 (including GST). She travelled 10,000 kilometers in and the car expenses incurred of $550 (including GST). Periwinkle provided Emma loan of $500,000 at an interest of 4.45%. Out of that loan amount she $450,000 to purchase a holiday home and rest $50,000 she gave to her husband on interest free to purchase shares. Emma purchased a bathtub from Periwinkle for $1,300. The bathtub costs the company $700 to but sells it to general public for $2,600. These are the three cases which actually important to calculate fringe benefit tax. The first case is however tax exempt as the car was used for official purpose not for the personal purpose. This implies the fact that the car use will not be considered under FBT (Ato, 2016). The second and the third case will attract FBT: 1 Taxable value of the loan fringe benefit FBT Tax 28250 Deduction $500000 @4.45% 22250 FBT Benchmark Interest Rate 5.65% 6000 2 Ignoring interest rate charged on $50000 28250 at 5.65% 3 Suppose Emma had paid interest equal of Market rate FBT Tax $450000 @ 5.65% 25425 4 How much of this interest is allowable as an income tax Taxable Amount more than $50000 2225 5 Subtract amount 23200 (step4) from deductible amount (step3) 6 The taxable value 28250 Step1 minus the result from step5. Less: Interest paid on purchase of Shares 2225 Total Taxable fringe benefit 26025 The taxable fringe benefit for case two would be $26025. As in the case 3 Emma purchased a bathtub manufactured by Periwinkle for $1,300. The bathtub only cost Periwinkle $700 to manufacture and is sold to the general public for $2,600. Therefore the tax amount will be added with another $1300 ($2600-$1300). Total taxable fringe benefit to Emma would be $27325. The fringe benefit tax rate for Ending 31 March 2016 and 31 March 2017 is 49%. Therefore, Emma will have to pay tax on $27325 @ 49%. This tax amount will be added apart from the tax calculation on her salary and other income. This much value of benefit she has enjoyed for her family which was not linked to the job in any way. Therefore, there will be no exemption on offer for Emma (Ato, 2016). References: Ato, 2016. Capital gains tax. [Online] www.ato.gov.au Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Capital-gains-tax/ [Accessed 13 September 2016]. Ato, 2016. Fringe benefits tax rates and thresholds. [Online] www.ato.gov.au Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Rates/FBT/ [Accessed 13 September 2016]. Ato, 2016. Reduction in taxable value where interest would have been deductible to employee. [Online] www.ato.gov.au Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Fringe-benefits-tax-(fbt)/In-detail/Employers-guide/Loan-and-debt-waiver-fringe-benefits/?page=8#8_8_Reduction_in_taxable_value_where_interest_would_have_been_deductible_to_employee [Accessed 13 September 2016]. Ato, 2016. Selling your home. [Online] www.ato.gov.au Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/capital-gains-tax/your-home-and-other-real-estate/selling-your-home/ [Accessed 13 September 2016]. Ato, 2016. The discount method of calculating your capital gain. [Online] www.ato.gov.au/General/Capital-gains-tax Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Capital-gains-tax/In-detail/Calculating-a-capital-gain-or-loss/The-discount-method-of-calculating-your-capital-gain/ [Accessed 13 September 2016]. ATO, 2016. The indexation method of calculating your capital gain. [Online] www.ato.gov.au/General/Capital-gains-tax Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Capital-gains-tax/In-detail/Calculating-a-capital-gain-or-loss/The-indexation-method-of-calculating-your-capital-gain/ [Accessed 13 September 2016]. Ato, 2016. Timing of a real estate CGT event. [Online] www.ato.gov.au Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/capital-gains-tax/your-home-and-other-real-estate/timing-of-a-real-estate-cgt-event/ [Accessed 13 September 2016]. Ato, 2016. What is fringe benefits tax? [Online] www.ato.gov.au Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Fringe-benefits-tax-(FBT)/In-detail/Employers-guide/What-is-FBT-/ [Accessed 13 September 2016]. Business, 2016. Fringe Benefits Tax (FBT). [Online] www.business.gov.au Available at: https://www.business.gov.au/info/run/tax/fringe-benefits-tax [Accessed 13 September 2016].

Jfk Essays - Kennedy Family, John F. Kennedy, PT 109,

Jfk John Fitzgerald Kennedy was one of the most influential people in history. Many people adored him because of his intelligence and his way with people. On November 22, 1963, John Fitzgerald Kennedy was riding in Texas, in his car, when he was shot dead by Lee Harvey Oswald. Kennedy was a outstanding president, he also served time for his country. Kennedy was a very intelligent man, he His symbolic figure represented all the charm, vigor and optimism of youth as he led a nation into a new era of prosperity. From his birth into the powerful and influential Kennedy clan, much was to be expected of him. Kennedy was born on May 29,1917 in Brookline, Massachusetts. His father, Joe, Sr., was a successful businessman with many political connections. Appointed by President Roosevelt, Joe, Sr., was given the chair of the Securities and Exchange Commission and later the prestigious position of United States ambassador to Great Britain(Anderson 98). His mother, Rose, was a loving housewife and took young John on frequent trips around historic Boston learning about American So 2 revolutionary history. Both parents impressed on their children that their country had been good to the Kennedys. Whatever benefits the family received from the country they were told, must be returned by performing some service for the country(Anderson 12). The Kennedy clan included Joe, Jr., Bobby, Ted and their sisters, Eunice, Jean, Patricia, Rosemary, and Kathleen. Joe, Jr., was a significant figure in young John's life as he was the figure for most of John's admiration. His older brother was much bigger and stronger than John and took it upon himself to be John's coach and protector. John's childhood was full of sports, fun and activity. This all ended when John grew old enough to leave for school. At the age of thirteen, John left home to attend an away school for the first time. Canterbury School, a boarding school in New Milford, Connecticut and Choate Preparatory in Wallingford, Connecticut completed his elementary education(JFK 98). John graduated in 1934 and was promised a trip to London as a graduation gift. Soon after, John became ill with jaundice and would have to go to the hospital. He spent the rest of the summer trying to recover. He was not entirely well when he started Princeton, several weeks later in the fall of 1935. Around Christmas the jaundice returned and John had to drop out of school. Before the next school year began, he told his father he wanted to go to Harvard(JFK 98). On campus, young people took interest in politics, social changes, and events in Europe. The United States was pulling out of the Great Depression. Hitler's So 3 Nazi Germany followed aggressive territorial expansion in Europe. It was at this time that John first became aware of the vast social and economic differences in the United States. In June 1940, John graduated cum laude(with praise or distinction) from Harvard. His thesis earned a magna cum laude(great praise)( JFK 98). After graduation, John began to send his paper to publishers, and it was accepted on his second try. Wilfrid Funk published it under the title Why England Slept. It became a bestseller. John, at twenty-five, became a literary sensation. In the spring of 1941, both John and Joe, Jr., decided to enroll in the armed services. Joe was accepted as a naval air cadet but John was turned down by both the army and navy because of his back trouble and history of illness(JFK 98). After months of training and conditioning, John reapplied and on September 19, John was accepted into the navy as a desk clerk in Washington. He was disgusted and applied for a transfer. In June 1941, Kennedy was sent to Naval Officers Training School at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois and then for additional training at the Motor Torpedo Boat Center at Melville, Rhode Island. In late April 1943, Lieutenant John F. Kennedy was put in command of a PT 109, a fast, light, attack craft in the Solomon Islands in the South Pacific. Kennedy saw action in the form of night patrols and participated in enemy bombings. On August 1, 1943, during a routine night patrol, a Japanese destroyer collided in the