Return prenatal visit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Return pre-birth visit - Essay Example In the above contextual investigation, the general prosperity of the embryo can be evaluated by getting its pulse and respiratory rate and know whether it is in trouble or not. Ultrasound is a significant apparatus in diagnosing different conditions in obstetrics (Cameron and Moran, 2009). Corresponding to the contextual analysis gave the fundal stature was discovered halfway between the umbilicus andpubis symphysis which ought to be under the umbilicus dependent on LMP. In any case, different elements sway the right translation of MSAFP results. These include: gestational age, maternal weight, ethnicity, maternal diabetes mellitus, fetal suitability, avoidance of different inconsistencies, and various pregnancy (Cameron and Moran, 2009). Regularly, AFP is created by the york sac, gastrointestinal framework and the liver in an embryo (Androutsopoulos, Gkogkos and Decavalas, 2013). Any expansion in its level is consistently characteristic of an issue around there. (Androutsopoulos, Gkogkos and Decavalas, 2013) In the outcomes gave for the situation study, the specialist should direct further tests dependent on unusual discoveries from the fundal tallness assessment and the AFP (Androutsopoulos, Gkogkos and Decavalas, 2013). Androutsopoulos, G., Gkogkos, P., and Decavalas, G. (2013). Mid-trimester maternal serum hCG and alpha fetal protein levels: Clinical hugeness and expectation of unfavorable pregnancy result. Worldwide Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 11(2),

Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Psychological oppression - Essay Example Those supporting for the authority of the UN to battle psychological oppression refer to the stressed relations with long-standing partners that came about because of the intrusion of Iraq without being endorsed by the UN as a significant mishap to the country. Following their viewpoint that psychological warfare is a worldwide issue, they accept that global collaboration will accomplish better outcomes as it will pool together conciliatory, knowledge and budgetary assets. Rather, if the country does battle against fear mongering on its footing and administration, the important assets for local insurance will be occupied abroad. Those supporting intense and forceful mean opine that when the US follows up on its own, it will sidestep the troubles related with looking for global collaboration, which regularly happens while the nation’s helplessness to psychological oppressor assaults increments. Preemptive measures, they propose, are the most ideal approach to work without stres sing over various political inspirations or limitations introduced by potential worldwide accomplices. This stems from their thought that there are shows as of now set up by the UN against fear based oppression yet they have to a great extent been inadequate or unenforceable.This paper underpins a discretionary methodology towards tending to the psychological militant danger. It is basic for the measures embraced by the US to mirror the nation’s majority rules system and morals. The facts demonstrate that 9/11 assaults communicated something specific of defenselessness to Americans, in their own nation, that they had not experienced in more than five decades.

How to Use Mock Interviews to Practice Interviewing

How to Use Mock Interviews to Practice Interviewing Before walking into an actual job interview, you want to ensure that your behavior, answers and dress code are top-notch. Therefore, it is a good idea to rehearse the interview ahead of time.After all, a good performance during a job interview gives you the opportunity to walk into your dream job, so you should never let one-in-a-lifetime chance to slip away just because you were not prepared.Apart from finding the perfect attire, researching the company and even preparing to answer the common interview questions, you can also conduct a mock interview.DEFINITIONA mock interview, which is also referred to as a practice interview, is an imitation of a real job interview. This kind of an interview gives you the chance to practice and prepare for a job interview and also get feedback from the interviewer involved in the mock interview. HOW IS A MOCK INTERVIEW DONE?Normally, a mock interview is a run-through job interview, which is mostly conducted by mock interview professionals or caree r counselors. In addition, mock interview services can be offered by career coaches and by local workforce services offices, which is suitable for someone getting employed for the first time.Mock interviews are very beneficial as they assist you in finding out how you can answer the challenging interview questions. In addition, a mock interview can assist you to enhance your communication skills, learn new interview strategies and help in relieving the stress that you might experience before attending an actual job interview.Some interviewers prefer to use semi-structured interview formats instead of using the normal interview format while conducting a mock interview. As we have seen earlier, mock interviews are very beneficial, especially if it is your first time attending an interview. 4 AMAZING BENEFITS OF A MOCK INTERVIEWSince practice makes perfect, there are many benefits from using a mock interview to prepare for a job interview. Here are the top four of them:It helps you to reduce anxiety and stress about interviewing â€"  especially if you have never been to a job interview before and you are not sure about how to answer the common interview questions. Whenever you get a mock interview opportunity, you should use it as a platform to test your interviewing abilities. Mostly, a skilled interviewer will take you through the mock interview, and they usually tell you whether the answer you have given is the best or there is a room for improvement.It assists you to improve your confidence â€" mock interview coaches are always ready and willing to identify your strengths after taking you through the mock interview. This in return will boost your self-confidence and that will help you to perform well in your interview.A mock interview helps you to get constructive criticism in a stress-free environment â€" there is no perfect candidate for an Therefore, a mock interview can assist you to improve on areas where you have challenges as well as assist you in clar ifying your answers to particular questions. You will rarely get feedback in regards to your interviewing and soft skills during a regular interview. Therefore, a mock interview gives you the opportunity to identify the challenges that prevent you from getting that job.It can assist you in preparing for behavioral interviewing â€" behavioral interviewing (BI) is very a common method of job interviewing. It can be beneficial for you to practice behavioral interviewing in a mock interview, especially if you are not familiar with it.TYPES OF MOCK INTERVIEWSIn-person mock interviewIn-person mock interviews are very common in colleges and universities. Career counselors at the institutions’ career centers offer in-person mock interviews.If you are a graduate or a college student, you can consult with your career office to confirm whether they offer in-person mock interviews. However, if you are not a student you can opt to consult with a career counselor or career coach.While making yo ur appointment with the mock interviewer, it is advisable to provide them with information about your general career or specific information about the company that called you for the interview.While consulting your mock interviewer, it is always a good idea to give them as much specific information as you can. Mostly, your mock interviewer records the interview session with a video camera.Some career counselors and career centers also provide mock online video and phone interviews. During the interviews session, the mock interviewer records the session with a webcam or a tape recorder.After the mock interview, the interviewer reviews the interview with the interviewee and then gives him/her feedback.Online mock interviewAlso, you can choose to use an online application or program for mock interviewing. Most of the online mock interviewing programs offer job seekers with a good platform to practice and prepare for an upcoming job interview.Some of the online mock interview programs l ike interview4.com are basic, and they will give you several random interview questions, which are either verbal or written. You are the required to type in your answers. Although these programs assist you to think about how you can answer the different interview questions, they will not allow you to practice verbal responses.On the other hand, there are more sophisticated mock interview practice applications that can allow you to choose questions related to your career field. In addition, these programs can also allow you to select the type of interview (group interview, behavioral interview, etc.) you are preparing for.These applications have pre-recorded videos of mock interviewers asking questions, and you are required to answer each question verbally.At times, you will be given a time limit, and this helps you to learn how to answer each question concisely. The application can either record the answer you give, or you can choose to record yourself with a web camera. After the i nterview, you can review your recording, or opt to email the file to a family member, friend or a career coach for review.Also, there are some applications which can allow you to conduct a live online mock interview through a webcam with a real career coach. The mock interviewer records the interview and then analyzes your performance.However, you should understand that most of these online based mock interview applications cost money, especially the programs which allow you to record your interview or involve a real career coach.Therefore, you are advised to thoroughly review any online-based mock interview program and ensure that it offers the services you want at a cost that suits your budget.HOW TO PREPARE FOR A MOCK INTERVIEWJust like any other expertise, skill, and talent, the more you practice it, the better you will become at it. If you want to land your dream job, never attend a job interview unprepared. A mock job interview can assist you to formulate job interview answers and even help in highlighting your weak spots.Pamela Skillings, a career coach agrees that practicing for job interviews can be very tedious. However, an online-based mock interview can make the difference, particularly if you have not attended a job interview for a while or you are not experienced in job interviews.Mock job interviews can assist you to think through the various job interview questions you might face. In addition, it assists to know how you can communicate your thoughts to the interviewer.As Carole Martin, an author of Boost Your Interview IQ and an interview coach says that a mock job interview is just like a dress rehearsal. It gives you the opportunity to put your job interview skills into action in an environment that allows you to learn from the mistakes you make.Therefore, doing a mock job interview can assist in improving your self-confidence, which can be very beneficial the next time you attend an actual job interview.Every career coach says that it is imp ortant for a mock interview to be taken seriously, just like a real interview. You should prepare for the interview just as you would prepare for a job interview with a recruitment manager.You should ensure that you arrive early, that you carry along your resume as well as the other materials required in an actual job interview.You carry a notebook to note down whatever the mock interviewer says.Ensure that you dress appropriately in a business or professional attire.In addition, you should prepare to answer the general interview questions to be asked in the mock interview. If you are attending the mock interview in preparation for a specific career field or job, it is advisable to review specific questions related to the job or career field.The following steps will help you to successfully run through a practical job interview. 1. Look for a professional mock interviewerWhen it comes to mock interviewing, the person you choose to interview you matters a lot. This is because you wil l be looking for an honest feedback from an expert.Preferably, it would be a good idea to practice with a person working in your industry or the industry you are about to join. Ms. Skillings says that the person should have a real-world experience in interviewing job candidates.However, there are those who make the common mistake of mock interviewing with a family member or their friend. According to Ms. Martin, you should look for a person who will objectively evaluate your interviewing skills. It is very rear that a family member or friend is objective.College students and recent graduates are advised to consult with career coaches or their school’s career centers. Many universities and colleges have career coaches on their payrolls who assist students and alumni in mock interviews with no additional charges for the students.2. Choose the right environmentAlways try to make the mock interview feel just as close to the actual interview as possible. Therefore, you should ensure th at you dress professionally and choose a professional interview setting which resembles an actual job interview.Whenever possible, you should practice mock interview in person as this allows you to practice greeting the interviewer with an enthusiastic smile and firm handshake â€" two things that can assist you to start your interview the right way.It is good to video-record every mock interview as it helps you to evaluate your performance as well as your progress. As you continue practicing with mock interviews, you should notice a big difference between the first and the last mock interview.3. Never memorize your answersThis is very straightforward â€" you do not want to memorize your answers. Memorizing your answers will make you sound unauthentic and over-rehearsed. It is good to understand that job interviews are not exams.Rather, they are conversations between your potential employer and you to determine whether you are the right person for the job as well as for the company.T he best strategy is using a bullet point approach, where you get to practice while noting down the key points you want to address instead of rehearsing the exact answers you plan to give.4. Practice the frequently asked interview questionsWhile it is not possible to know the exact questions you will be asked during a job interview, it is always an added advantage for you to prepare and practice the frequently asked interview questions. Although interview questions usually vary depending on your industry, most recruitment managers tend to ask interview candidate the following questions: Tell me about yourself â€" typically, this the first question any job interviewer will ask you. However, no interviewer wants to hear about the story of your life or the summary of your achievements. This question will help you to determine the tone for your interview. Therefore, you do not want to waste that opportunity. The best way to approach this question is to highlight how your background, inte rests, and knowledge related to the job you are interviewing for at that moment.What are your career goals â€" many people tend to give the milestones they are targeting to achieve. But, this is very wrong. While answering this question, you should base your answer on the skills you are looking to develop after getting the job. For example, “In the next two years, I’m aiming to develop solid experience in marketing, particularly in social media marketing.”What are your strengths and weaknesses â€" this question is very simple but tricky at the same time. When talking about your strengths, it is always a good idea to focus on the accomplishments or traits related to the requirements of the job. For your weaknesses, try to be as honest as you can, but also say how you are improving on them. For example, rather than saying, “I am a poor public speaker,” you can say, “I am not a natural born public speaker; however, I am taking a course to assist me in improving my public sp eaking skills.”Why do you want this job â€" you should ensure you have thoroughly researched about your prospective employer as well as the company if you want to ace this question. Then you should explain to your employer why you are the right fit for the position. A good way to do this is to read the company’s mission statement and then see how your background and experience will assist you to help the company achieve itsDo you have any questions for me â€" you should understand that interviews are not all about answering questions, but also asking questions. Therefore, you should take that opportunity to ask well-researched and meaningful questions. This makes the interviewer know that you truly did your research and that you taking the interview very seriously.HOW TO SUCCESSFULLY MOCK INTERVIEW YOURSELFJob interviews tend to be intimidating. But this can change with practice as it really helps in boosting a person’s confidence, thus improving their performance in the long- run.Participating in mock interviews will assist you to gain experience as well as calm your nerves before attesting an actual interview.However, many people are interested in mock interviews but they lack someone to help them out. But, the good thing is, you can handle a mock interview by yourself.To successfully conduct a mock interview, either with a mock interviewer or by yourself, follow the following tips.Assume an interviewee characterFor a mock interview to be effective, try as much as possible to emulate an actual job interview. This begins by getting a practice partner, who can be either a friend or a family member, or a mock interview coach.To help your friend or relative prepare for this role, research about some of the basic interview rules to acquaint them with the general interview process.There are some online tools, which can assist your interviewer to learn about the different questions to ask, how to ask the questions as well as what to expect from the interviewee .As the interviewee, you should assume that you are meeting your employer for the first time, regardless of your personal relationship with them.Create some interview questionsNext, you will need a list of interview questions. You should try to make the questions look more similar to those of a real interview if you want the mock interview to more helpful.Try to come up with the commonly asked interview questions like the behavioral questions, as well as any other type of questions, asked in a real job interview.Also, you can decide to read and understand the job description as it can help you to come up with more relevant questions. Doing an online research can also assist you to get a hint of the technical questions you might be asked.Lastly, consider reviewing your resume. There are mock interviewers who like to base their mock interviews on the resume. Therefore, it is important for you to be ready for such interviews.It is good to understand that you are not limited on the numb er of questions you are supposed to include on the list. This all depends on your level of preparedness and how much you want to practice.Record yourselfThis part tends to make some people feel a bit uncomfortable even though it is not designed for that purpose. Rather than having someone take you through the interview process, you are supposed to read the questions and answer to a video camera.If you feel nervous about recording yourself, it is OK as that is usually expected to happen. The idea behind this is to give you data to assess later and to see how you might react during the actual interview.You should understand that the most critical part of this process is where you answer the interview questions aloud. Although the feedback can be beneficial at times, it is not always. Practicing answering interview questions will help you to be sound more confident and polished than you would have if you did not practice.Body languageYour overall behavior and delivery is very important part of your responses’ content. An interview can make you feel unsure and nervous. However, you should ensure that you remain poised, confident and calm.Always maintain eye contact with your interviewer and speak concisely and clearly. Strictly avoid stammering or mumbling.Assess your performanceEnsure that the person who takes you through the mock interview takes notes through the entire session and highlights the areas that you did well as well as the ones you struggled in. Once you finish the interview, note down your own notes while the interview questions and answers are still fresh in your mind.Use the notes you write to discuss how you answered the questions and whether there is something you could have done differently. You can compare your notes with your interview practice partner’s notes to confirm whether you had a similarview on your performance.The information you get should assist you to understand your strong areas and areas which you need to improve. After att ending a few mock interviews, you should be confident about how you answer the interview questions and convince your employer that you are the best person for the job.After every mock interview, you should ask yourself the following questions:Did I fully answer every question I was asked?Were my answers convincing?Is there anything I would change if I was asked the same question again?How long was my answer? Can it be shorter?How was my body language? Did I fidget? Did it match my words?How did I perform in terms of eye contact?Go through the recording again, from the start to the end without pausing and then rate yourself. CONCLUSIONThe saying that “practice makes perfect” makes a lot of sense when it comes to practicing your interviewing skills. A mock interview can help you to sharpen and improve your interviewing skills.When it comes to interviewing, you should understand that there are some skills that you can always improve, only if you want to make a good impression to yo ur prospective employer.

How to Use Mock Interviews to Practice Interviewing

How to Use Mock Interviews to Practice Interviewing Before walking into an actual job interview, you want to ensure that your behavior, answers and dress code are top-notch. Therefore, it is a good idea to rehearse the interview ahead of time.After all, a good performance during a job interview gives you the opportunity to walk into your dream job, so you should never let one-in-a-lifetime chance to slip away just because you were not prepared.Apart from finding the perfect attire, researching the company and even preparing to answer the common interview questions, you can also conduct a mock interview.DEFINITIONA mock interview, which is also referred to as a practice interview, is an imitation of a real job interview. This kind of an interview gives you the chance to practice and prepare for a job interview and also get feedback from the interviewer involved in the mock interview. HOW IS A MOCK INTERVIEW DONE?Normally, a mock interview is a run-through job interview, which is mostly conducted by mock interview professionals or caree r counselors. In addition, mock interview services can be offered by career coaches and by local workforce services offices, which is suitable for someone getting employed for the first time.Mock interviews are very beneficial as they assist you in finding out how you can answer the challenging interview questions. In addition, a mock interview can assist you to enhance your communication skills, learn new interview strategies and help in relieving the stress that you might experience before attending an actual job interview.Some interviewers prefer to use semi-structured interview formats instead of using the normal interview format while conducting a mock interview. As we have seen earlier, mock interviews are very beneficial, especially if it is your first time attending an interview. 4 AMAZING BENEFITS OF A MOCK INTERVIEWSince practice makes perfect, there are many benefits from using a mock interview to prepare for a job interview. Here are the top four of them:It helps you to reduce anxiety and stress about interviewing â€"  especially if you have never been to a job interview before and you are not sure about how to answer the common interview questions. Whenever you get a mock interview opportunity, you should use it as a platform to test your interviewing abilities. Mostly, a skilled interviewer will take you through the mock interview, and they usually tell you whether the answer you have given is the best or there is a room for improvement.It assists you to improve your confidence â€" mock interview coaches are always ready and willing to identify your strengths after taking you through the mock interview. This in return will boost your self-confidence and that will help you to perform well in your interview.A mock interview helps you to get constructive criticism in a stress-free environment â€" there is no perfect candidate for an Therefore, a mock interview can assist you to improve on areas where you have challenges as well as assist you in clar ifying your answers to particular questions. You will rarely get feedback in regards to your interviewing and soft skills during a regular interview. Therefore, a mock interview gives you the opportunity to identify the challenges that prevent you from getting that job.It can assist you in preparing for behavioral interviewing â€" behavioral interviewing (BI) is very a common method of job interviewing. It can be beneficial for you to practice behavioral interviewing in a mock interview, especially if you are not familiar with it.TYPES OF MOCK INTERVIEWSIn-person mock interviewIn-person mock interviews are very common in colleges and universities. Career counselors at the institutions’ career centers offer in-person mock interviews.If you are a graduate or a college student, you can consult with your career office to confirm whether they offer in-person mock interviews. However, if you are not a student you can opt to consult with a career counselor or career coach.While making yo ur appointment with the mock interviewer, it is advisable to provide them with information about your general career or specific information about the company that called you for the interview.While consulting your mock interviewer, it is always a good idea to give them as much specific information as you can. Mostly, your mock interviewer records the interview session with a video camera.Some career counselors and career centers also provide mock online video and phone interviews. During the interviews session, the mock interviewer records the session with a webcam or a tape recorder.After the mock interview, the interviewer reviews the interview with the interviewee and then gives him/her feedback.Online mock interviewAlso, you can choose to use an online application or program for mock interviewing. Most of the online mock interviewing programs offer job seekers with a good platform to practice and prepare for an upcoming job interview.Some of the online mock interview programs l ike interview4.com are basic, and they will give you several random interview questions, which are either verbal or written. You are the required to type in your answers. Although these programs assist you to think about how you can answer the different interview questions, they will not allow you to practice verbal responses.On the other hand, there are more sophisticated mock interview practice applications that can allow you to choose questions related to your career field. In addition, these programs can also allow you to select the type of interview (group interview, behavioral interview, etc.) you are preparing for.These applications have pre-recorded videos of mock interviewers asking questions, and you are required to answer each question verbally.At times, you will be given a time limit, and this helps you to learn how to answer each question concisely. The application can either record the answer you give, or you can choose to record yourself with a web camera. After the i nterview, you can review your recording, or opt to email the file to a family member, friend or a career coach for review.Also, there are some applications which can allow you to conduct a live online mock interview through a webcam with a real career coach. The mock interviewer records the interview and then analyzes your performance.However, you should understand that most of these online based mock interview applications cost money, especially the programs which allow you to record your interview or involve a real career coach.Therefore, you are advised to thoroughly review any online-based mock interview program and ensure that it offers the services you want at a cost that suits your budget.HOW TO PREPARE FOR A MOCK INTERVIEWJust like any other expertise, skill, and talent, the more you practice it, the better you will become at it. If you want to land your dream job, never attend a job interview unprepared. A mock job interview can assist you to formulate job interview answers and even help in highlighting your weak spots.Pamela Skillings, a career coach agrees that practicing for job interviews can be very tedious. However, an online-based mock interview can make the difference, particularly if you have not attended a job interview for a while or you are not experienced in job interviews.Mock job interviews can assist you to think through the various job interview questions you might face. In addition, it assists to know how you can communicate your thoughts to the interviewer.As Carole Martin, an author of Boost Your Interview IQ and an interview coach says that a mock job interview is just like a dress rehearsal. It gives you the opportunity to put your job interview skills into action in an environment that allows you to learn from the mistakes you make.Therefore, doing a mock job interview can assist in improving your self-confidence, which can be very beneficial the next time you attend an actual job interview.Every career coach says that it is imp ortant for a mock interview to be taken seriously, just like a real interview. You should prepare for the interview just as you would prepare for a job interview with a recruitment manager.You should ensure that you arrive early, that you carry along your resume as well as the other materials required in an actual job interview.You carry a notebook to note down whatever the mock interviewer says.Ensure that you dress appropriately in a business or professional attire.In addition, you should prepare to answer the general interview questions to be asked in the mock interview. If you are attending the mock interview in preparation for a specific career field or job, it is advisable to review specific questions related to the job or career field.The following steps will help you to successfully run through a practical job interview. 1. Look for a professional mock interviewerWhen it comes to mock interviewing, the person you choose to interview you matters a lot. This is because you wil l be looking for an honest feedback from an expert.Preferably, it would be a good idea to practice with a person working in your industry or the industry you are about to join. Ms. Skillings says that the person should have a real-world experience in interviewing job candidates.However, there are those who make the common mistake of mock interviewing with a family member or their friend. According to Ms. Martin, you should look for a person who will objectively evaluate your interviewing skills. It is very rear that a family member or friend is objective.College students and recent graduates are advised to consult with career coaches or their school’s career centers. Many universities and colleges have career coaches on their payrolls who assist students and alumni in mock interviews with no additional charges for the students.2. Choose the right environmentAlways try to make the mock interview feel just as close to the actual interview as possible. Therefore, you should ensure th at you dress professionally and choose a professional interview setting which resembles an actual job interview.Whenever possible, you should practice mock interview in person as this allows you to practice greeting the interviewer with an enthusiastic smile and firm handshake â€" two things that can assist you to start your interview the right way.It is good to video-record every mock interview as it helps you to evaluate your performance as well as your progress. As you continue practicing with mock interviews, you should notice a big difference between the first and the last mock interview.3. Never memorize your answersThis is very straightforward â€" you do not want to memorize your answers. Memorizing your answers will make you sound unauthentic and over-rehearsed. It is good to understand that job interviews are not exams.Rather, they are conversations between your potential employer and you to determine whether you are the right person for the job as well as for the company.T he best strategy is using a bullet point approach, where you get to practice while noting down the key points you want to address instead of rehearsing the exact answers you plan to give.4. Practice the frequently asked interview questionsWhile it is not possible to know the exact questions you will be asked during a job interview, it is always an added advantage for you to prepare and practice the frequently asked interview questions. Although interview questions usually vary depending on your industry, most recruitment managers tend to ask interview candidate the following questions: Tell me about yourself â€" typically, this the first question any job interviewer will ask you. However, no interviewer wants to hear about the story of your life or the summary of your achievements. This question will help you to determine the tone for your interview. Therefore, you do not want to waste that opportunity. The best way to approach this question is to highlight how your background, inte rests, and knowledge related to the job you are interviewing for at that moment.What are your career goals â€" many people tend to give the milestones they are targeting to achieve. But, this is very wrong. While answering this question, you should base your answer on the skills you are looking to develop after getting the job. For example, “In the next two years, I’m aiming to develop solid experience in marketing, particularly in social media marketing.”What are your strengths and weaknesses â€" this question is very simple but tricky at the same time. When talking about your strengths, it is always a good idea to focus on the accomplishments or traits related to the requirements of the job. For your weaknesses, try to be as honest as you can, but also say how you are improving on them. For example, rather than saying, “I am a poor public speaker,” you can say, “I am not a natural born public speaker; however, I am taking a course to assist me in improving my public sp eaking skills.”Why do you want this job â€" you should ensure you have thoroughly researched about your prospective employer as well as the company if you want to ace this question. Then you should explain to your employer why you are the right fit for the position. A good way to do this is to read the company’s mission statement and then see how your background and experience will assist you to help the company achieve itsDo you have any questions for me â€" you should understand that interviews are not all about answering questions, but also asking questions. Therefore, you should take that opportunity to ask well-researched and meaningful questions. This makes the interviewer know that you truly did your research and that you taking the interview very seriously.HOW TO SUCCESSFULLY MOCK INTERVIEW YOURSELFJob interviews tend to be intimidating. But this can change with practice as it really helps in boosting a person’s confidence, thus improving their performance in the long- run.Participating in mock interviews will assist you to gain experience as well as calm your nerves before attesting an actual interview.However, many people are interested in mock interviews but they lack someone to help them out. But, the good thing is, you can handle a mock interview by yourself.To successfully conduct a mock interview, either with a mock interviewer or by yourself, follow the following tips.Assume an interviewee characterFor a mock interview to be effective, try as much as possible to emulate an actual job interview. This begins by getting a practice partner, who can be either a friend or a family member, or a mock interview coach.To help your friend or relative prepare for this role, research about some of the basic interview rules to acquaint them with the general interview process.There are some online tools, which can assist your interviewer to learn about the different questions to ask, how to ask the questions as well as what to expect from the interviewee .As the interviewee, you should assume that you are meeting your employer for the first time, regardless of your personal relationship with them.Create some interview questionsNext, you will need a list of interview questions. You should try to make the questions look more similar to those of a real interview if you want the mock interview to more helpful.Try to come up with the commonly asked interview questions like the behavioral questions, as well as any other type of questions, asked in a real job interview.Also, you can decide to read and understand the job description as it can help you to come up with more relevant questions. Doing an online research can also assist you to get a hint of the technical questions you might be asked.Lastly, consider reviewing your resume. There are mock interviewers who like to base their mock interviews on the resume. Therefore, it is important for you to be ready for such interviews.It is good to understand that you are not limited on the numb er of questions you are supposed to include on the list. This all depends on your level of preparedness and how much you want to practice.Record yourselfThis part tends to make some people feel a bit uncomfortable even though it is not designed for that purpose. Rather than having someone take you through the interview process, you are supposed to read the questions and answer to a video camera.If you feel nervous about recording yourself, it is OK as that is usually expected to happen. The idea behind this is to give you data to assess later and to see how you might react during the actual interview.You should understand that the most critical part of this process is where you answer the interview questions aloud. Although the feedback can be beneficial at times, it is not always. Practicing answering interview questions will help you to be sound more confident and polished than you would have if you did not practice.Body languageYour overall behavior and delivery is very important part of your responses’ content. An interview can make you feel unsure and nervous. However, you should ensure that you remain poised, confident and calm.Always maintain eye contact with your interviewer and speak concisely and clearly. Strictly avoid stammering or mumbling.Assess your performanceEnsure that the person who takes you through the mock interview takes notes through the entire session and highlights the areas that you did well as well as the ones you struggled in. Once you finish the interview, note down your own notes while the interview questions and answers are still fresh in your mind.Use the notes you write to discuss how you answered the questions and whether there is something you could have done differently. You can compare your notes with your interview practice partner’s notes to confirm whether you had a similarview on your performance.The information you get should assist you to understand your strong areas and areas which you need to improve. After att ending a few mock interviews, you should be confident about how you answer the interview questions and convince your employer that you are the best person for the job.After every mock interview, you should ask yourself the following questions:Did I fully answer every question I was asked?Were my answers convincing?Is there anything I would change if I was asked the same question again?How long was my answer? Can it be shorter?How was my body language? Did I fidget? Did it match my words?How did I perform in terms of eye contact?Go through the recording again, from the start to the end without pausing and then rate yourself. CONCLUSIONThe saying that “practice makes perfect” makes a lot of sense when it comes to practicing your interviewing skills. A mock interview can help you to sharpen and improve your interviewing skills.When it comes to interviewing, you should understand that there are some skills that you can always improve, only if you want to make a good impression to yo ur prospective employer.

Second-Hand Smoke - 1726 Words

The Effects of Second-Hand Smoke Imagine yourself sitting down to dinner at a restaurant. You are sitting down trying to enjoy your dinner when all you can smell is smoke. Not only are you just breathing in the smoke, it is also damaging your body at the same time. Or imagine yourself at your work place, whether it be a restaurant or office, and you are forced to breathe in second-hand smoke the entire time you are there. In this paper you will be informed of the harmful effects of second-hand smoke, and why smoking should be banned from all public places. When you are a smoker you are making the decision to damage your own body, but little do you know you are also damaging everyone elses body that you are in the room with. John†¦show more content†¦Annually, second-hand smoke or environmental tobacco smoke also known as ETS, kills an estimated 35,000 people from heart disease, 3,000 from lung cancer, and 1,900 from sudden infant death syndrome while being responsible for almost 10,000 low birth weight babies, 400,000 episodes of asthma in children, and 800,000 cases of ear infections. Thats on top of 400,000 deaths in smokers themselves annually in the U.S. (Messmer). Amway4 Dr. Norman H. Edelman, chief medical officer for the American Lung Association says, Second hand smoke disables and kills many people by virtue of its cardiovascular effects and also by virtue of its cardiovascular effects on the lung (Reinberg). Dr. David L. Katz, A clinical professor of public health, and director of the prevention research center at Yale University School of Medicine expresses his opinion on public smoking in the following passage. How can any society allow tobacco smoke to be imposed on innocent bystanders? We have clear, convincing evidence that those who smoke are swinging a big stick indeed at the noses of those of us who dont. While they should have autonomy over their choices, they should not have autonomy over ours. Smoking in public places does not stop where my nose begins, and therefore it should be banned. Not just in some states, but byShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Second Hand Smoke On Children843 Words   |  4 PagesSecond Hand Smoke Do people know second hand smoke not only affects the person smoking, but it also affects the people around them? Not everyone is aware of the risks of second hand smoke nor how it can effect their future. Second hand smoke is an issue that affects everyone and everybody around it such as unborn children, children, adults, non-smokers and should be avoided as much as possible. What exactly is second hand smoke? 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New laws in Texas can help protect nonsmokers from secondhand smoke, as well as the harmful effects it causes. Secondhand smoke has many classifications, a well known term being Environmental Tobacco Smoke or ETS. There are two compounds of secondhand smoke; one is side-stream smoke. Side-streamRead MoreDangers of Second Hand Smoke: Shoud Smoking in Public Areas be Permitted?1578 Words   |  7 PagesShould smoking in public areas be allowed? Have you ever gone to a restaurant or to the bowling alley and come home smelling like cigarette smoke? And while you were there, some people are sitting there smoking by you and you can’t stand the smell of it. So you go out side and to get some fresh air and what do you know there’s some more people lighting it up and smoking but they are polite enough to go outside. Doesn’t this annoy you, that you can barely go anywhere without people smoking inRead MoreOver the years, there has been much debate about the ethical concerns of second-hand smoke.2400 Words   |  10 PagesOver the years, there has been much debate about the ethical concerns of second-hand smoke. Inhaling second hand smoke is an unavoidable consequence of being in the vicinity of smokers, exposing non-smokers to the same harmful chemicals as those who voluntarily engaged in it. While acknowledging the selfish nature of second hand smoking, governments in various countries like Singapore have p ut in place smoke-free laws that restricts smokers from smoking in certain public places (Smoking prohibition

How Mother Nature Became the Inspiration Behind Velcro

Before the middle of 20th century, people lived in a Velcro-less world where zippers were standard and shoes had to be laced. All that changed though on one lovely summer day in 1941 when an amateur mountaineer and inventor named  George de Mestral  decided to take his dog for a nature hike. De Mestral and his faithful companion both returned home covered with burrs, the plant seed-sacs that clung to animal fur as a way to spread to fertile new planting grounds. He noticed his dog was covered in the stuff. De Mestral was a Swiss engineer who was naturally curious so he took a sample of the many burrs stuck to his pants and placed them under his microscope to see how the properties of the burdock plant allowed it stick to certain surfaces. Perhaps, he thought, they can be used for something useful. Upon closer examination, it was the small hooks that enabled the seed-bearing burr to cling so stubbornly to the tiny loops in the fabric of his pants. It as during this eureka moment that  De Mestral smiled and thought something along the lines of I will design a unique, two-sided fastener, one side with stiff hooks like the burrs and the other side with soft loops like the fabric of my pants. I will call my invention velcro a combination of the word velour and crochet. It will rival the  zipper  in its ability to fasten. De Mestrals idea was met with resistance and even laughter, but the inventor was undeterred. He worked with a weaver from a textile plant in France to perfect a fastener by experimenting with materials that would hook and loop in a similar manner. Through trial and error, he realized that nylon when sewn under infrared light formed tough hooks for the burr side of the fastener. The discovery led to a completed design that he patented in 1955. He would eventually form Velcro Industries to manufacture and distribute his invention. In the 1960s, Velcro fasteners made its way to outer space as Apollo astronauts wore them to keep items like pens and equipment from floating away while in zero-gravity. In time, the product became kind of a household name as companies like Puma used them in shoes to replace laces. Shoe makers Adidas and Reebok would soon follow. During de Mastral’s lifetime, his company sold an average of over 60 million yards of Velcro per year. Not bad for an invention inspired by mother nature. Today you can’t technically buy velcro because the name is the registered trademark for the Velcro Industries product, but you can have all the velcro brand hook and loop fasteners you need. This distinction was done on purpose and illustrates a problem inventors often face. Many words used frequently in everyday language were once trademarks, but eventually become generic terms. Well-known examples include  escalator, thermos, cellophane and nylon. The problem is that once trademarked names becomes commonplace enough, the U.S. Courts can deny exclusive rights to the trademark.

WGU SZT 1 Task 4 - Disaster in Franklin County Essay

The most important aspect in managing a disaster situation is preparedness. The simulation Disaster in Franklin County highlights the role of public health personnel, with emphasis on the public health nurse because the nurse is often a first responder to such a disaster. This helps to examine the roles, actions, coping methods, and techniques used by a nurse in a disaster scenario. A. Role of Public Health Personnel The role of public health personnel is to maintain the physical and emotional safety of individuals throughout the community affected by the storm. Those in the Public Health Department are responsible for ensuring the citizens of Franklin County have all the basic necessities for survival, such as clean water, food,†¦show more content†¦B. Chain of Command Establishment of a chain of command in a situation such as a severe storm or other disaster is essential. Because there may be a disruption to commonly used manners of communication, such as television, telephones, and the internet, it is important to have a clear outline of where and to whom to report, how to find answers, and who will perform necessary tasks. In the simulation, the Public Health Department is both a link in the larger, county-wide chain of command and has its own hierarchy structure. Within the scope of the county, the Public Health Department reports to the Medical/Health Branch Director who is directly under the Operations Chief. The Operations Chief, who is in charge of managing and monitoring the actions of each department, reports to the Emergency Operations Commander. The Emergency Operations commander is the highest link in the chain, not only overseeing the operations of the various governmental departments, but also the officers in charge of Safety, Public Information, and Legal. Within the Public Health Department, like in the county structure, there is an Operations Chief, responsible for all the actions taken by the department. This is someone with experience in the field, supervisory experience, and an understanding of the structure and function of the department. Under the Operations Chief, there are officers for Logistics, Planning, Finance/Administration, Public Information and Liaison.

Digital Technology in the Music Industry free essay sample

An exploration of the influence digital technology has had on the music industry. The paper explores in detail the positive and negative impacts of digital technology on the music industry in general and on digital music companies. The paper then examines the most important and concrete measure that has been taken to prevent piracy and meet the challenges posed by the digital technology; the development of Secure Digital Music Initiative (SDMI). The paper discusses the viability and effectiveness of this initiative. The music industry is changing rapidly with the invasion of digital technology. We no longer even remember that there was a time when we got music on vinyl audiocassettes. The digitized music is sold in the form of MP3 files that can be downloaded from the Internet. Many major players in the field of digital music have reason to celebrate as the demand for digitized music is on the rise and no major change is likely in this trend at least in the foreseeable future. We will write a custom essay sample on Digital Technology in the Music Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All music is now available in digital form which has replaced the old analog method of accessing music out-dated so much so that computers systems today are clogged with music files that have been downloaded directly from the internet, and the best part is that these digitized music files are available absolutely free of cost.

Aluminum Essays - Aluminium Alloys, Aluminium, Aluminum Wire

Aluminum Essays - Aluminium Alloys, Aluminium, Aluminum Wire Aluminum Aluminum is one of a number of soft metals that scientists call poor metals. It can be shaped and twisted into any form. It can be rolled into thick plates for armored tanks or into thin foil for chewing gum wrappers. It may be drawn into a wire or made into cans. Aluminum is a generally popular metal because it does not rust and it resists wear from weather and chemicals. (Bowman, 391) Aluminum is an element. Its atomic number is thirteen and its atomic weight is usually twenty-seven. Pure aluminum melts at 660.2C and boils at 2500C. Its density is 2.7 grams per cube centimeter. Aluminum is never found uncombined in nature. (Bowman, 391) Aluminum is a very useful metal that is light, easy to shape and can be strong. This makes aluminum one of the most used metals in the world, right behind iron and steel. (Geary, 185) In its pure state, aluminum is quite weak compared to the other metals. However, its strength can be greatly increased by adding small amounts of alloying elements, heat-treating, or cold working. Only a small percentage of aluminum is used in its pure form. It is made into such items as electrical conductors, jewelry, and decorative trim for alliances and cars. A combination of the three techniques has produced aluminum alloys that, pound for pound, are stronger than structural steel. Some common metals used in alloys for aluminum are copper, magnesium and zinc.(Walker, 31) The added elements give the aluminum strength and other properties. (Newmark, 41) Aluminum is one of the lightest metals. It weighs about 168.5 pounds per cubic foot, about a third as much as steel which weighs 487 pounds per cubic foot. (Neely, 214) As a result, aluminum has replaced steel for many uses. For example, some parts of airplanes, automobiles and trucks are now made of aluminum rather than steel because lighter vehicles use less fuel, making the aluminum alloy container much cheaper to move. (Geary, 185) To make aluminum alloys even lighter, the lightest metal, lithium, is added to aluminum. Products packed in aluminum cost less to ship because the containers weigh less than those made with other metals. The same is true with automobiles the engine block, drive shafts, radiator, wheels and body panels can all be made of aluminum alloys. The car thus weighs less, and, again, the fuel consumption improves. Unfortunately, the price also increases, which is why cars and trucks today are still made of mostly steel. (Advantages to Aluminum) Although pure aluminum is weak, certain aluminum alloys are as strong as steel. Such alloys are used in airplanes, automobiles, guardrails along highways, and in other products that require strength. Aluminum alloys loose some strength at high temperatures. Unlike many other metals, however, they get stronger at extremely low temperatures. Aluminum alloys are widely used in equipment for processing, transporting and storing liquified natural gas, which can have a temperature of -260 F. (Walker, 36) Some metals wear away if exposed to oxygen, water, or various chemicals. When exposed to them a chemical reaction causes most metals to rust or become discolored. When aluminum reacts with oxygen, however, the metal forms an invisible layer of a chemical compound called aluminum oxide. This layer protects aluminum from corrosion by oxygen, water and many chemicals. It makes aluminum especially valuable for use outdoors where the metal is exposed to, and must resist the effects of wind, rai n and pollution. (Knapp, 9) Aluminum is a good conductor of electricity. Aluminum and copper are the only common metals suitable for use as electrical conductors. Aluminum conducts electricity two thirds as well as copper; however aluminum weighs a third as much. (Aluminum Facts) Aluminum wire can carry the same amount of electric power as copper wire with a lot less weight. In addition, aluminum can be drawn into wires more easily than copper. Today, more than nine out of every ten miles of large- diameter electrical cable are made from aluminum, rather than traditional copper. This is because aluminum is cheaper and, lighter requiring less pylons to hold up the cables. (Advantages to Aluminum) Like all metals, aluminum conducts heat and can be used either to carry or

Critical Discussion of Crisis Management and BP Leadership The WritePass Journal

Critical Discussion of Crisis Management and BP Leadership Introduction Critical Discussion of Crisis Management and BP Leadership IntroductionLiterature ReviewCrisis and Crisis ManagementPolitical and legal forcesEconomic forcesSocial forcesTechnological forcesEffective Leadership in CrisisClear responsibilitiesTraining and educationPractice and rehearsalsEmpowering LeadershipDelegationAuthority linesEstablished systems and supporting mechanismsInnovation and FlexibilityLeveragingMethodologiesIntroductionResearch MethodologyResearch PhilosophyResearch ApproachResearch StrategyData Collection method · Data Collection · Data AnalysisData quality issuesLevel of knowledgeLevel of information given to the intervieweeAppropriateness of locationAppearance in the interviewOpening comment during the commencement of the interviewQuestioning approachBehaviour during the interviewDemonstration of attentive listening skillsDocumentation of the dataGeneralisabilityAccess and Ethical ConsiderationsRelated Introduction Literature Review This section briefly discusses crisis management and leadership, the two key areas of literature that will help to examine Tony Hayward’s leadership during BP’s most recent organisational crisis. Crisis and Crisis Management There is no one definition of the term ‘crisis’ (Keown-McMullan, 1997), however a guiding definition is that a crisis is an event that impacts or has the potential to impact the entire organisation (Mitroff and Anagnos, 2000). A crisis can also be described as a major, unforeseen circumstance that can potentially jeopardise an organisation’s employees, customers, products, services, fiscal situation, or reputation (Callan, 2002, Augustine, 1995, Santana, 2003). This definition is in line with the theory that a crisis is characterised by three elements: high threat, short decision time, and an element of surprise, indicating that each crisis contains an urgency that necessitates decisions and actions to be taken immediately by the people involved (Keown-McMullan, 1997, Reilly 1987). While the idea that a crisis as a negative state of affairs is still the most popular construal in the literature, the idea of a positive outcome from a crisis situation can also be found in some definitions and discussion (Keown-McMullan, 1997). For example, Fink (1986, p. 15) defines a crisis as: †¦an unstable time or state of affairs in which a decisive change is impending – either one with the distinct possibility of a highly undesirable outcome or one with the distinct possibility of a highly desirable and extremely positive outcome. It is usually a 50-50 proposition, but you can improve the odds. This definition implies that, if managed effectively, a crisis can bring a desirable outcome. Indeed, it has been suggested that an organisation can experience a ‘successful’ crisis that actually leads to improved firm’s performance (Boin and ’t Hart, 2003). Such an outcome is possible because crisis â€Å"focuses attention on how tasks are managed and draws new patterns of cohesion, a successfully handled crisis can benefit an organisation† (David, 1990, p. 90). This therefore reinforces the fact that the effective management of crises is important. It should thus entail the execution of well-coordinated actions to limit any damage and preserve or rebuild confidence in the organisation under crisis. It is also important that crisis management should start before a crisis arises and may extend after the ‘actual crisis come to an end, such as after the oil has stopped gushing into the sea (Fink, 1986). Based on this, Santana (2003, p. 308) defin es crisis management as: †¦ an ongoing integrated and comprehensive effort that organisations effectively put into place in an attempt to first and foremost understand and prevent crisis, and to effectively manage those that occur, taking into account in each and every step of their planning and training activities, the interest of their stakeholders. There are number of elements within the external environment, shifting of which leads to the occurrence of a crisis. These elements include Political – legal, economic, social and technological forces and these constitutes a complex network within which organisations exist.   Even though shifting of these elements do not occur often, organisations needs to consider these elements while drafting their strategy because of negative blow that would be brought about by shifting of these elements. The most common examples are when government across the world come up with a law that bans the sale of certain type of products. This would create substantial disruption in a firm’s operations which would constitute a crisis. This does not mean that every external threat faced by an organisation will constitute a crisis. For e.g., if a government passes a law which would require manufacturers of certain products to have 2 languages in a product pack, rather than having one that is used in the current pack, it cannot be considered as a crisis as it would not probably cause substantial disruption. Therefore, the term ‘crisis’ cannot be used for every external threat and in most of the cases, even though the organisations tend to be regularly exposed to number of actual and potential crisis situations, they fail to recognise its seriousness. The following examples illustrate this reality (Crandall et al, 2009). Political and legal forces Some of the political forces that contribute to a shift which has the potential to lead to a full blown crisis include relations between countries, outcome of meetings between government leaders, rules and regulations and decisions taken by individuals and teams at various levels of government. The legal forces that can contribute to the crisis include laws and legislations passed on by governments, the judgements made by judiciary in various cases involving government and an organisation etc (Crandall et al, 2009) (GOEL, 2009). Economic forces The economic forces contributing to the shift includes changes in the Gross domestic product and various indicators that show the economic health of a country. These include inflation, exchange rate and interest rates (Labrosse et al, 2009)/ Social forces The social factors contributing to the shift includes values within the society, the change in traditions and religious practices. The crisis from social factors will be disastrous when society / people lose trust in the company or are angry with a corporation. This can be explained by the recent banking and financial crisis. The main reason for the crisis is that people and society and organisations lost trust in each other. This made people withdraw huge sums of money from the banks, who were not in a position to fulfil the demand because the banks or organisations from which they were expecting money were not willing to provide them the cash. What made people angrier was that banks or other financial institutions were paying huge amount of bonuses to their employee while people outside these institutions were losing money. This opportunistic behaviour of bankers, stockbrokers, investment bankers etc lead to a situation where common man lost trust in the stock market, which is an i ndicator of the performance of top companies of a nation, and it plummeted down to record levels not seen in recent memory. The spiral effects lead to laying off of thousands of people which affected the economies of the countries across the world because as companies lay off workers, their spending capacity reduces. Once their spending capacity reduces, then they are not in a position to go to high street shops to buy products. When people are not going to high street shops to buy products, then these shops lay off people thereby affecting the local economy. Most of these people would be having a number of commitments like paying their mortgage, credit card debt, personal loans etc. When people are not in a position to pay off these debts, the financial institutions are not in a position to roll over money which hits the core of banking activity. Thus, this shift in one social factor called trust has lead to one of the most dreadful global crisis ever experienced by mankind in rece nt history. Even though, it’s been close to 2 years since the crisis, a vast majority of countries and organisations have not yet been able to recover fully from the impact (Crandall et al, 2009)   (Jordan-Meier, 2011). Technological forces The technological factors which contribute to shift include major scientific innovations or improvements. These innovations or improvements can lead to either creation of new opportunity or threat to existing businesses. Technological innovations and improvements have the capability to destroy not only existing businesses but also entire industry as well. For example, personal computers were a fantastic technological innovation which gave rise to a entire new industry centred around computers which includes monitors, servers, operating systems etc.   But the rise of the computer industry was followed by the slow demise of the type writing industry following the development of word processors and personal computers (Moore, 2005). In fact, just a couple of months back, world’s last remaining typewriting factory was closed by its owners Godrej and Boyce in Mumbai, India Over the period of last few decades, different frameworks for crisis have been developed by taking into account different stages of crisis. The frame work for a crisis is based on the analysis of the life cycle of the crisis and this is usually accounted for by three-stage approach and four-stage approach (Laws, 2006). The three-stage framework is the most basic approach to crisis and involves the following stages – PreCrisis, Crisis and Post Crisis. Different experts have suggested different formats for three-stage format. In the three-stage approach suggested by Smith (1990), Crisis of management constitutes the Pre Crisis stage; the crisis stage is called Operational Crisis and post crisis stage is called Crisis of Legitimation. In the Crisis of Management stage, a crisis can be easily triggered by a event due to the fact that organisation is not prepared to handle the crisis and actions of the leaders in the organisation does not inspire confidence in their teams. In the second stage, called the Operational Crisis stage, all the key leaders in the organisation put their heads together and try to develop quick fix solutions to get over the crisis. In the third stage called Crisis of Legitimation, the key stakeholders in the organisation including the ones who played a major role in Operat ional stage starts looking for scapegoats so as to shift blame and to appear legitimate and rightful in the eyes of public after the crisis   (Andari, 2010)   (Coombs, 2010). Another approach to three-stage framework is the one suggested by Richardson (1994). In this framework, the PreCrisis stage is called disaster phase and this phase focuses on neutralising all the threats that may cause a crisis. In Crisis stage is called Rescue stage and is focused on the occurrence of the crisis. The Post Crisis stage is called Demise stage which emphasis on restoring stakeholders confidence in the organisation following the occurrence of the crisis (Coombs, 2010). Another approach to crisis is a four – stage framework which adds an additional stage, to the three-stage framework, which focuses on the progression as it happens during the crisis. In one of four-stage framework suggested by Myers (1993), the first stage is a Operations stage, where the organisations puts in standard operating procedures and crisis management teams to act in response to the occurrence of the crisis. The second stage is the emergency response stage which focuses on the response that needs to be initiated in the first few hours following the occurrence of the crisis. The third stage is called Interim processing stage where stop gap arrangement and temporary procedures are put in place until the restoration of normal operations. The fourth stage is the restoration stage where the organisation comes back to normal operations (Coombs, 2010)   (Crandall, 2009). Another approach to four-stage framework was put forward by Fink (1996). In the approach, the first stage is called Prodormal stage which is stage before a full blown crisis and shows all the red flags and warning signs that a crisis is imminent. If remedial measures are taken during the prodormal stage, then a crisis can be prevented. The second stage is called Acute crisis stage and this is stage where actual crisis is happening and normal operations are seriously disrupted. This is also the stage where outsiders of the organisations get to see and hear about the crisis on a regular basis. The third stage is called chronic crisis stage which is not as dramatic as acute crisis stage and the organisation is trying to clean the mess created during the acute crisis stage. The Resolution stage is the final stage where the organisation has just gotten over the crisis and is slowly coming back to the normal operations (Fink, 1996) Five stage frameworks is another approach to crisis and provide a more detailed approach than the three stage framework and four stage frameworks. It provides a more detailed understanding of different stages of the crisis (Perason Mitroff, 1993). In the five stage framework suggested by Pearson and Mitroff (1993), the following stages are included : Signal detection: These are warning or red flags which occur when an organisation is slowly moving towards a crisis. In most cases, these warning and red flags are raised by people on the ground or lower level or middle level management or those directly interacting with customers. Detecting these signals and accepting them as ones which may lead to crisis so as to try to look at ways to manage a crisis is a skill not found is many leaders. Developing a mindset and skills so to become adept at detecting these signals is what organisations needs to embrace (Perason Mitroff, 1993). Preparation / prevention – In this stage, organisation gets ready to attack the crisis by setting up crisis management teams and workings on different plans to tackle different crisis occurring in different forms. The approach towards a crisis management will be through a systematic manner and should be on going. The objective from which this step is approached is to ensure that any crisis that may occur gets nipped in the bud (Perason Mitroff, 1993). Containment / damage control – This stage focuses on actual management of the crisis and trying to contain it with as minimal damage as possible to the organisation and stakeholder (Perason Mitroff, 1993)   (Mitroff, 1992). Recovery – This stage focuses on bringing the workings of the organisation to as normal a stage as possible. The recovery process passes through different sub stages. The short term recovery stage tends to bring the working on the organisation to a minimal acceptable level of service. The short term recovery is followed by long term recovery where the operational capabilities of the organisation reach pre crisis level. In some cases, long term recovery will be followed by another recovery process whereby the organisation tends to work at a higher level than that was observed during the precrisis stage. For example, if a fire at a production facility destroys a old machine which has the capability to produce ‘X’ number of products every hour, then a modern machine which has been installed following a crisis has the capability to produce ‘2X’ products thereby ensuring higher level of productivity when compared to the Pre Crisis period (Perason Mitroff, 1993) (Mitroff, 1992). Learning – This fifth stage, post the recovery stage, focuses on improvising operational problems so as to prevent the occurrence of future ones. The stages emphasises on reflecting on the crisis and documenting the lessons learnt rather than finding scapegoats and blaming other parties (Perason Mitroff, 1993). Particularly important during major crises such as the BP oil spill, which affects many different stakeholders, is crisis communication. Crisis communication, which involves communicating with a range of stakeholders, generally relates to the public relations element of crisis management, and is arguably the single most important aspect of the organisation’s response to the crisis. It therefore requires communication with internal stakeholders, including employees and shareholders, and external stakeholders, such as customers, the media, and the surrounding community, about what occurred and how the organisation is managing the crisis (Callan, 2002). Effective Leadership in Crisis Leadership is one of the most discussed topics in times of crisis because, to most people, the importance of leadership is clear since effective organisational leadership: †¦provides a sense of cohesiveness, personal development, and higher levels of satisfaction among those conducting the work; and it provides an overarching sense of direction and vision, an alignment with the environment, a healthy mechanism for innovation and creativity, and a resource for invigorating the organisational culture (Van Wart, 2003, p. 214). As with trying to define ‘crisis,’ there are also many definitions of ‘leadership’ (Stodgill, 1974). Some researchers present established definitions of leadership, for example Kotter (1999, p. 10) defines leadership as â€Å"[t]he development of a vision and strategies, the alignment of relevant people behind those strategies and the empowerment of individuals to make the vision happen, despite obstacles.† Alternatively, some researchers present more general definitions of leadership that may apply equally well to leadership in organisations as to leadership in other settings. Peter. G.Northouse in his book â€Å"Leadership: Theory and Management† (2007 explores four components that are central to leadership: (1) Leadership is a process. (2) Leadership involves influence. (3) Leadership occurs in a group context. (4) Leadership involves goal attainment. Based on these four components, Northouse coined a definition which states that â€Å"Leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal†. (Northouse, 2007, p .3). The concept of leadership has evolved over a period of time which typically reflects the larger society as norms, attitudes, and understandings in the larger world have evolved and thereby changed (Richard Daft, 2005). Crisis leadership effectiveness depends largely on an organisation which is responsible for creating an environment for the leadership to operate. A highly experienced and competent manager will still struggle to successfully manage a crisis if there is no adequate support from his colleagues and if the groups are poorly structured and disorganised. Micheal Blyth in his book Business continuity management: Building an effective incident management plan mentions about the following organisational principles to support effective crisis leadership (Blyth, 2009). Clear responsibilities Demarking of clear responsibilities in organisation will ensure that gaps and shortfalls are avoided and duplication of efforts is prevented. Establishing clear responsibilities will also ensure that during the occurrence of crisis along with internal company politics are eliminated (Blyth, 2009)   (Fearn-Banks, 2007). Training and education Every organisation should develop a team of leaders who have expertise in dealing with crisis situations and that companies should regularly train these leaders by keeping aside time and resources. These leaders should be regularly trained on managing crisis and utilisation of policies, systems, tools and protocols (Blyth, 2009)   (Fearn-Banks, 2007). Practice and rehearsals Regular practice and rehearsals by the crisis management groups will ensure that any loopholes or shortfalls. Regular practice will not only increase the confidence of crisis management team but also help develop familiarity with the Crisis management plans (Blyth, 2009). Empowering Leadership An organisation should develop certain parameters within which crisis management leadership should be empowered and given the freedom to operate. This decentralization process will ensure that crisis at the local level can bring about effective management in times of crisis. Having a centralised leadership in terms of crisis management will significantly undercut the ability of leaders in the ground to successfully manage crisis (Fearn-Banks, 2010). Delegation An important aspect of crisis management structure and the one which is the core component of empowering leadership is to sensibly delegate responsibilities to the lowest level decision making abilities so as to put in place a structured and streamlined management system (Blyth, 2009). Authority lines During the crisis, middle level managers should be aware of the person to be contacted for requisite permissions so as to prevent a scenario where the people attempt to name a decision maker during the crisis event. To ensure that swift actions are taken during the crisis, clear authority lines and permissions should be granted to the crisis management team and people within the organisation must be made aware of the responsibilities of their colleagues in times of crisis (Blyth, 2009). Established systems and supporting mechanisms Effective response to a crisis can be generated by having established systems and support mechanisms in place. Establishing these strategies in place prior to the crisis will help crisis leaders in taking logically defined decisions which will develop confidence among their peers and sub ordinates (Devlin, 2006). Innovation and Flexibility The corners stones of effective crisis leadership are Innovation and flexibility as crisis tends to be unique every time thereby requiring tailored approach for achieving resolution (Blyth, 2009). Leveraging Companies and crisis management teams must be smart enough to leverage both outward and inward resources, capabilities, knowledge and also external resources so as to ensure that it does not lose out opportunities for effectively responding to the crisis (Blyth, 2009).. The leadership framework for crisis management involves drafting a crisis management policy, setting up of crisis management team, developing a communication strategy, establishing partnerships and ensuring preparedness of the crisis management team with regular practice and training sessions. Crisis management a leadership challenge, 2011 Drafting the crisis management policy includes setting the tone for leadership commitment and mentioning the generic guidelines for action. This policy is based on an organisation’s values and philosophy (Crisis management a leadership challenge, 2011). After drafting the policy, the next step is to establish a crisis management team. The crisis management team analyzes different scenarios leading to a crisis and plans for the scenarios. Also while establishing a management team, the roles and responsibilities of different members of team are established so as to vent ambiguity in times of crisis (Crisis management a leadership challenge, 2011) (George, 2011). Following the setting up of a crisis management team, an effective communication strategy and infrastructure will ensure that there is going to be a consistent flow of information to all stakeholders at all time (Crisis management a leadership challenge, 2011) (George, 2011).. The established crisis management team should go about setting up of partnership with external agencies / organisations so as to ensure availability of critical resources and timely help (Crisis management a leadership challenge, 2011)   (George, 2011). To ensure preparedness of the crisis management team and make sure that they are always on their toes, regular training programmes needs to be conducted and the capability of the crisis management to deal with   crisis situation should be checked from time to time through mock drills (Crisis management a leadership challenge, 2011) (George, 2011). Leadership is particularly important in crisis situations and Boin and ’t Hart (2003) argue that crisis and leadership are closely related phenomena. Since crisis situations are times of uncertainty, people inside and outside the organisation look to leaders to ‘do something’ and thus the visibility of top management, particularly the CEO, during a crisis assures the public that the crisis is being tackled at the highest levels (Halverson et al., 2004, Sadgrove, 2005). Top managers must also actively engage in long-term corrective and preventive actions to avoid being involved in crises time again (Augustine, 1995). Additionally, leaders need to understand the dynamics and psychology of a crisis if they are going to respond well because crisis events require the organisation to make considerable changes to its ‘standard operating procedures’ while still responding to the crisis (Borodzicz, 2000, Santana, 2003). This seems to be have been missing in th e case of BP, as the company has found itself in several crises situations over the past five years that have done major damage to its image and left it seemingly unable to respond well to new crises. In the latest oil spill, the leadership performance of BP’s CEO, Tony Hayward, was not well received. According to Boin and ’t Hart (2003, p. 544): When crisis leadership results in reduced stress and a return to normality, people herald their ‘true leaders’†¦ But when the crisis fails to dissipate and ‘normality’ does not return, leaders are obvious scapegoats. This view of leadership sits quite comfortably with the forms of organization that are common in business, the armed forces and government. Where the desire is to get something done, to achieve a narrow range of objectives in a short period of time, then it may make sense to think in this way. However, this has its dangers. Different leaders have different styles. A great deal of power remains in their hands and the opportunity for all to take responsibility and face larger questions is curtailed (George, 2011). The question to be investigated in this research is: What lessons can be learnt by Hayward performance as a leader during this crisis? The way in which this question can be answered is described in the next section. Methodologies Introduction This chapter focuses of the methodologies that have been used by the researcher during the course of this research. Research Methodology is the course taken by the researcher to find answers to research questions (Kumar, 2005). Middle level managers from BP were engaged in a semi structured interview which focused on their view of BP’s leadership in general and their opinion of how their leaders went about handling Deepwater Horizon Oil rig disaster in particular. The answers collected have been used to provide a simple overview of the factors contributing the crisis and then BP CEO Tony Hayward’s performance as a leader during the crisis Research Methodology The various paths or courses available to choosing data collection techniques and analysis procedures can be depicted by using research â€Å"onion† (Fig A). The centre of the onion gives an idea on the exact way of collecting the data to answer research questions and this centre is reached by peeling away important layers. The important layers that needs to be peeled away to reach the centre point i.e. data collection methods include research philosophy, research approach, Research strategies and Time horizons (Saunders, 2009).    Figure A: The Research Onion (Saunders et al. 2009) Research Philosophy The development and nature of knowledge encompasses the term research philosophy. This development and nature of knowledge contains important assumptions on the way a researcher views the world which underpins a researcher’s choice of a research strategy and the methods chosen as part of the strategy.   This philosophical commitment not only has a significant impact on what researcher does but also on how they understand things while investigating (Johnson, 2006). The three different research philosophies are Positivism, Interpretivism and Realism. Positivism involves development of knowledge based on observable social reality. The end product of research based on Positivism philosophy is law like generalisations similar to those produced by natural scientists. Intrepretivism involves development of knowledge based on the understanding of differences between humans in roles as social actors and the emphasis on their variables such as behaviour, mood and previous experience. Realism is the development of knowledge based on scientific approach and assumes the independent existence of objects from the human mind (Kothari, 2008) . The research philosophy adopted for this dissertation is Intrepretivism as the development of knowledge was through questioning and dialogue by which people shared their experience. This is because feelings and attitudes towards performance management as â€Å"social phenomena that have not external reality and cannot be measured and modified† (Saunders et al, 2006).   Interpretavist stance provides scope for the researcher to use phenomological case studies of people and how they make sense of the world, using their opinions and experience of performance measures in the working environment. Postivisim was not preferred because conducting research among people involves   taking into consideration various factors such as behaviour, mood etc which is advocated by interpretivism rather than objects such as trucks and computers as advocated by positivism, whereas emphasis is on working with observable social reality.   On the flip side, the difficulty of taking interpretavis t stance is that findings make not be generalisable. However, it may be that the types of people being interviewed, due to culture of a BP background, have similar thought processes and hence are generalisable with a BP context   (Goddard, 2004). Research Approach Deductive research and inductive research are the research approaches which results in the achievement of new knowledge. Deductive research is more like a top down approach to research where objectives are established followed by defining of key definitions and assumptions. Then the researchers works through a logical structure, based on the key definitions and assumptions, to accomplish the objective. Inductive research is more like a bottom up approach to research where conclusion is drawn only from observations of specific situations (Panneerselvam, 2004). This research involved the development of theory only after analysis of collected data therefore approaching research through inductive approach. Deductive approach was not chosen as the approach required the development of theory and hypothesis and then testing of this hypothesis by designing a research strategy whereas this research was based on finding view of BP’s middle level managers on their leaders handling of Deepwater Horizon Oil rig disaster and the performance of then BP CEO Tony Hayward’s performance as a leader during the crisis, which was the outcome of data collected through semi structured interview. Using Saunders et al’s ( 2006) characteristics of inductive research, the following are reasoned. An understanding will be gained of the meanings humans attached to events through the meanings they attach to performance management, and there will be a close understanding of the research context through the investigation of reasons as to how best to operationalise performance measurements (Kumar, 2005) . The data to be collected will be qualitative, which suggests that the deductive approach is more natural. There may be the potential for collections of qualitative data as well that may lend itself to a deductive approach, but the number of people intended to be interviewed would not enable any generalizations to be made   (Kumar, 2005) . The flexible approach of the inductive stance means that if findings lend themselves to a change of direction within the dissertation, this will be possible (Singh, 2009) . The researcher realizes that as part of the research process, ideas developed may translate into action research as they are suggested to the interviewees (Kumar, 2005). Research Strategy The analysis of the collected data so as to obtain information through systematic and orderly approach is called Research strategy. In management studies, the three important research strategies that are rooted in inductive approach and are commonly used include case study, grounded theory and Ethnography. A research strategy for a research is chosen based on certain criteria’s like research questions and objectives, availability of time and resources, existing knowledge level etc (Kumar, 2005). During this research, the researcher used a case study approach which Robson (1999, p. 146) defines as â€Å"a strategy for doing research which involves an empirical investigation of a particular contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context using multiple sources of evidence.† This was chosen because, in this research, â€Å"a ‘how’ or ‘why’ question is being asked about a contemporary set of events, over which the researcher has little or no control,†. The case study approach will not only entail in depth examination of single case but also engage many variables with collecting of information from multiple sources such as interviews with BP personals, archival data from BP’s files etc. This research strategy will be used as part of a qualitative methodology because qualitative research examines the ‘why’ and ‘how’ of human behaviour and so does the case study methodology (Yin, 2003). Other strategies such as grounded theory and   ethnography which are rooted in inductive approach was considered but it did not fit the scope of this research because of the fact that they are time consuming (Kumar, 2005). Data Collection method Sampling The research objectives were concerned with understanding of BP’s middle managers view of BP’s leadership in general and their opinion of how their leaders went about handling Deepwater Horizon Oil rig disaster in particular and then BP CEO Tony Hayward’s performance as a leader during the crisis. Therefore, the sampling frame for this research included middle-level and senior level managers of BP. Only those managers who have in depth analysis related to the topic of interest were chosen. This method of sampling is called purposive sampling. Unlike random sampling in which every combination of respondents from the sampling frame has a known probability of occurring, purposive sampling is used in the research when the research selects those respondents that are most appropriate for the study (Robson, 1999). Purposive sample is powerful because it allows the researcher to choose respondents that have the most information for in-depth analysis related to the centra l issues being examined. The richest information is not likely to be available from the ‘typical’ case and so using purposive sampling will allow examine in detail the root causes of a given issue and its consequences. A close colleague of researcher who is on the staff of BP helped the researcher in short listing only those managers with access to in depth knowledge of the research topic and on the basis of the contact details provided by the provided by the researcher’s colleague, the researcher sent across email requesting for an appointment to the discuss the research topic and only those who expressed willingness to part of the research was interviewed (Jackson, 2008).  · Data Collection Data will be collected in face-to-face interviews with three middle level managers within BP over a period of one week. Thus till date collected is the primary data. The data will be collected using semi-structured in-depth interviews. Semi-structured interviews were chosen over alternative approaches, such as focus groups and surveys, as this method will allow researcher to guide the research and probe for deeper answers, elaborations, and examples to allow further explanation of specific topics and at the same time cover a wider scope if undiscovered issues should arise (Robson, 1999). Additionally, semi-structured interviews allow interviewees to tell the interviewer what they consider most significant (Marshall and Rossman, 1999). Semi-structured interviewing starts with more general questions or topics rather than the formulation of detailed questions ahead of time and so structured and unstructured questions will be outlined prior to the interviews based on the research questio n framework (Marshall and Rossman, 1999). In this research, relevant topics will have to be initially identified as well as the possible relationship between these topics and the issues. These managers are responsible for teams of professionals and would be able to provide insight into leadership issues in the organisation, allowing them to accurately articulate ‘rich’ descriptions of their experience of leadership at BP. Each interview is expected to last between 30 and 90 minutes and the interviews will be transcribed within one week of having conducting them to ensure that no additional material or observations were lost or forgotten (Marshall and Rossman, 1999). Following the collection of primary data, secondary data was collected so as to understand get a overall prespective of BP’s leadership and its response to deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. This data was obtained by analyzing various sources including internet and published guides (Jackson, 2008) .  · Data Analysis This research will use qualitative content analysis to interpret the data collected and further analysis will be carried out by triangulating these findings with the findings of the literature review and the questions and topics that this raised. Content analysis is often recommended for analysing semi-structured interviews because it allows the researcher to identify themes, concepts, and meanings and is a way of classifying content (Krippendorff, 2004). As there is existing (but incomplete) theory about crisis management, this research will use a directed approach to content analysis, which allows existing theoretical frameworks to be validated (and sometimes extended) (Hsieh and Shannon, 2005). In the directedapproach to content analysis, extant theory will be used to form codes that will be used in the initial analysis. Data that do not fit into these predetermined codes will be identified and later analysed to determine whether they represent a new category or a subset of a curr ent category. Data that cannot be coded will be identified and analysed later, as suggested by Hsieh and Shannon (2005), to determine if they represent a new category or a subcategory of an existing code. While this method has limitations, the accuracy of predetermined categories can be increased by using an audit trail and audit process (Krippendorff, 2004). By compiling a spreadsheet of literature topics and cross-referencing this to the interviews, it is hoped to be able to correlate findings that produce new insights into the implementation of performance measurement and enable a more effective method of doing so at BP and potentially, within other organisations. Data quality issues The drawback of doing a semi structured interview is the lack of standardisation in these interviews. But the researcher still went ahead with the current interview structure because of the fact that the topic of interest is complex and dynamic and using a semi structured interview approach will provide an opportunity for the interviewer to explore the topic in greater detail (McBurney, 2009). Therefore, in order to overcome these issues, careful planning was done which has been described below. Level of knowledge The effectiveness of interviewing particular manager and their level of knowledge in the deepwater horizon oil spill was obtained by researcher following a detailed discussion with a colleague, who was working in BP. The literature review provided enough level of knowledge with respect to the situational context (McBurney, 2009). Level of information given to the interviewee The interviewees were given relevant information with respect to the research including the topic of the research, the motive of conducting the research and goal to be accomplished by the end of the research (McBurney, 2009). Appropriateness of location The prior appointment was taken before meeting the managers. A meeting room within the BP offices was chosen as the location for the meeting. This was done so to ensure that there is minimal disturbance during the interview process   (Louis Cohen, 2000). Appearance in the interview Even though BP is a highly successful and highly powered organization, its dress code is causal i.e. no suits. Therefore, the researchers appearance was also causal which not only went in sync with BP’s dress code but also went well with the semi structured approach to interview Louis Cohen, 2000).. Opening comment during the commencement of the interview To ensure that the discussion shapes in the right direction, the participants of the interview were given the brief on the motive of conducting the research and goal to be accomplished by the end of the research and following their consent, interview questions were put forward Louis Cohen, 2000).. Questioning approach The researcher made sure that the questions put forward for the interview were open ended questions. This was done so as to ensure that the researcher had the opportunity to explore the question in greater detail. Also, while discussing the questions, the researcher was careful not to use highly complex industry jargons whose meanings may vary with the interviewee. In scenarios where the use of jargons were essential, the researcher took care to ensure that both the researcher and the interviewee had the same understanding Louis Cohen, 2000).. Behaviour during the interview The researcher ensured that at all times there was appearance of enjoying the interview process as any appearance of boredom will not encourage the interviewee to give a good response. Also, for the answers given by the interviewee, the researcher made sure that a neutral response was projected so as to not to provide lead that may result in bias Louis Cohen, 2000). Demonstration of attentive listening skills In order to ensure that the interviewee gives as much information as possible, the researcher made sure that the thoughts were held back deliberately. Defending or arguing a particular point of view mentioned by the interviewee would not only result in diverting away from the topic but will also stop flow of thoughts (Jackson, 2008). Documentation of the data The information gleaned from the interviewee was recorded using audio recording equipment and also by taking down notes while the interview was in progress (Jackson, 2008). Generalisability As this research follows Intrepretivism, the development of knowledge was through questioning and dialogue by which people shared their experience. These sharing of knowledge are highly subjective and vary on the moods and behaviour of the people. Therefore, the concerns raised in the dissertation are organisation specific to B.P and may not be applicable to other organisations. But the problems associated with arriving at the right kind of Leadership and crisis management is universal and therefore this dissertation will be useful in other contexts (Jackson, 2008). Access and Ethical Considerations Access to the organisation is to be gained via a close colleague that is a currently on staff at BP. Complying with the ‘Qualitative Research and the Data Protection Act 1998,’ before every interview the researcher will give participants an informed consent form, explaining that the interview will be recorded and that they have the right to withdraw at anytime and withhold any information that they do not wish to share (Marshall and Rossman, 1999). The participants will then be required to sign a consent form before the interview commences. The researcher has read and understood the university’s ethics policies relating to   the dissertation and is confident that the dissertation will be carried out by ensuring the following. All interviewees have the choice whether or not to participate in the research They were provided with the outline proposal for the research. The interviewees provided written consent prior to taking up the interview and were given the option of withdrawing from the inte